Energy Security in a Fragmenting Global Gas Market: Strategic Pathways for Pakistan
Energy security is no longer a technical question of supply chains and infrastructure but a deeply political contest shaped by sanctions regimes, currency hierarchies, and geopolitical realignments. The fragmentation of the global oil and gas order, accelerated by sanctions on Iran and Russia,
The Transactional Turn: Reassessing Pakistan‑US Relations in a Fragmenting Global Order
For decades, the critique of Pakistan‑United States relations has revolved around the idea of its transactional character, often described as an alliance of convenience marked by strategic highs and diplomatic lows. This critique has frequently carried a moral undertone, suggesting that transactional diplomacy